For example, if you know there are many people with dyslexia in your audience, you can research dyslexia-friendly fonts that are designed to make reading easier for them. It is important to note that an estimated 20% of the world's population has dyslexia, the most common of all neuro-cognitive disorders. People with dyslexia heavily-depend on ...This paper presents the first experiment that uses eye-tracking to measure the effect of font type on reading speed and presents a set of more accessible fonts for people with dyslexia. Around 10% of the people have dyslexia, a neurological disability that impairs a person's ability to read and write. There is evidence that the presentation …8 of The Best Fonts for Dyslexia. Now that you know what to avoid, let’s help you select one of the easiest fonts to read for dyslexia. Dyslexie. This font was specifically designed for people with dyslexia. The font’s design reduces the possibility of letters being flipped or swapped, which is a common occurrence among online users with ...The font Dyslexie was favored the least by children with and without dyslexia at the word level. The third research question was whether reading texts or words in the preferred font, would lead to better reading outcomes. We found no effect of reading a text or words in the preferred font on reading performances for dyslexic children or for ...For example, if you know there are many people with dyslexia in your audience, you can research dyslexia-friendly fonts that are designed to make reading easier for them. It is important to note that an estimated 20% of the world's population has dyslexia, the most common of all neuro-cognitive disorders. People with dyslexia heavily-depend on ... A font is a formal set of text characters, including letters, numbers and punctuation, created by a graphic designer in a particular style. Not all fonts are created equal and some typefaces may be more or less accessible for readers with visual impairments, visual processing disorders and dyslexia. A font is a formal set of text characters, including letters, numbers and punctuation, created by a graphic designer in a particular style. Not all fonts are created equal and some typefaces may be more or less accessible for readers with visual impairments, visual processing disorders and dyslexia.I'm not dyslexic, but Dyslexie was specifically developed for it. Also, this study found that sans serif, monospaced, roman fonts are generally easier to read than serif, non-mono, italic fonts. There is a free, open-source font that is very similar to Dyslexie.An earlier Annals article—“The Effect of a Specialized Dyslexia Font, OpenDyslexic, on Reading Rate and Accuracy”—arrives at similar conclusions about another so-called dyslexia font: Results … show no improvement in reading rate or accuracy for individual students with dyslexia, as well as the group as a whole.WHY THIS MATTERS: Arizona abortion care providers will soon no longer be able to do their job of providing care to people who need it. As a result, tens of thousands …Try not to shudder, but Comic Sans is often recommended for folks with dyslexia. The irregular design of the letters makes it easier to read. (Only “b” and “d” are true mirrors.) You can also try Century Gothic, Trebuchet, Calibri, Open Sans, and Tahoma, among others. In general, just remember to choose … See moreNov 6, 2023 · These fonts incorporate specific features that make it easier for people with dyslexia to recognise and distinguish between letters and words. Some characteristics of dyslexia-friendly fonts include: Simplified Letter Shapes: Dyslexia-friendly fonts often have simpler, more straightforward letter shapes that reduce confusion between similar ... OpenDyslexic is free to use: The newest version of OpenDyslexic now uses the SIL-OFL license, giving you freedom to use it for personal use, business use, education, commercial, books, ebook readers, applications, websites, and any other project or purpose you need. Download. Donations are optional, but definitely appreciated. “Bionic reading” is a font people can use on their devices via apps for iPhone and other Apple products. ... and that it has helped their dyslexia. Brilliant! This is music to my distracted ...Dyslexie Font. Christian Boer created the Dyslexie font, which is a typeface designed specifically for dyslexic readers. It is unique because each letter has a unique shape and is weighted differently. The font is also spaced out, and the letters are slightly slanted, making it easier for dyslexic readers to read.A new study by a research team in Spain has determined which computer fonts seem easiest for dyslexic individuals to read. To determine readability of text, both reading time and fixation duration were studied using eye tracking data. Subjects were also asked to indicate their own preferences by ranking each font on a 1 to 5 scale.Mar 1, 2023 · Verdana. Verdana is another standard font that is often recommended for people with dyslexia. It is a sans-serif font with clear and easily distinguishable letter shapes. The font is designed to be easily read at small sizes, making it ideal for digital displays. Verdana is widely available on most computers and is free to use. Yes, dyslexia-friendly fonts do work, but it’s important to keep the following guidelines in mind when choosing the right font for your website: It’s generally preferred to use sans serif fonts that are designed without serifs (i.e., extending features at the end of strokes) thus helping the letters appear less crowded (though we’ll also ...There isn’t a single font that works better than the others, yet it has been discovered that some typefaces perform better for some persons with dyslexia, while others work better for others. This can be due to various …Use a larger font size (11pt or larger), sans serif fonts, and sufficient white space. Why fix it. People who have dyslexia describe seeing text “swim together” on a page (the compressing of one line of text into the line below). They often see text merge or distort. For people who have dyslexia or have low vision, reduce the reading load.The impact of dyslexia fonts on learning outcomes is substantial. Studies have shown that dyslexia fonts improve reading speed, accuracy, and comprehension for people with dyslexia. Dyslexia fonts can also improve the reading experience for people without dyslexia.A new study by a research team in Spain has determined which computer fonts seem easiest for dyslexic individuals to read. To determine readability of text, both reading time and fixation duration were studied using eye tracking data. Subjects were also asked to indicate their own preferences by ranking each font on a 1 to 5 scale.The right font improves the legibility and readability of the document. For the step-by-step instructions on how to change the default font, go to Change the default font in Word. Use accessible font format. Here are some ideas to consider: To reduce the reading load, select familiar sans serif fonts such as Arial or Calibri.Decorative Fonts: Avoid fonts that have intricate or decorative designs. Fonts with excessive flourishes, curls, or unusual letterforms can make it challenging for dyslexic readers to recognize and differentiate letters. Italicized Fonts: Italicized fonts can be difficult to read for individuals with dyslexia.Free download of Open Dyslexic Font Family with 4 styles. Released in 2019 by Abbie Gonzalez and licensed for personal and commercial-use. Click now to create a custom image with your own words that you can download. Free download of Open Dyslexic Font Family with 4 styles. Released in 2019 by Abbie Gonzalez and licensed …The first is Lexia Readable, originally created in 2004 by Keith Bates of K-Type. This font can be freely downloaded from either the K-Type web site or from the Dyslexia.com site. It is free for individual …Over the past decade or so, three new fonts have appeared (Open Dyslexia, Dyslexie, and Read Regular), all claiming — without any empirical evidence — to somehow aid dyslexic readers. Since then there have been 8 studies into the value of these fonts. Most of the studies found no improvement in reading rate , accuracy , or eye fixations ...Open Visual Studio Code and from the File menu choose Preferences, Settings or use the keyboard shortcut Ctrl + , ( Cmd + , on Mac). These font changes can be made for the user or workspace depending on your preference. At this point you'll need to make sure the correct tab is selected. Type font for the search term and this will now …Using the font without that is simple: install it somewhere that TeX can find it, use the package fontspec, set the font to Open Dyslexic (read the fontspec manual for details about font names and the difference between xelatex and lualatex ), and compile with either xelatex or lualatex. The following is a smaller example (compiled with lualatex ).10 Best Fonts for Dyslexia. 1. Arial. Arial is one of the most widely used fonts on the internet, and for good reason. First, it’s on just about every program you can think of, and it doesn’t require a license. Second, it’s clear and easy to read. Like all fonts on this list, Arial is sans serif.San-Serif is the opposite. Fonts that don’t have these projections are more spaced out, making them easier to read and dyslexia-friendly. Non-Italic & Non-Oblique. Any font …Jan 19, 2023 · It’s not quite as rounded as Arial, but its lack of series and evenly spaced letters make it one of the best fonts for dyslexia accessibility. This is an example of Helvetica font. 3. Comic Sans. Comic Sans is a much-maligned and unpopular font, especially among graphic designers. Helperbird. The most popular browser extension (based on downloads) is Helperbird, available for both Chrome and Firefox . Helperbird has a wide range of options, including changing fonts to dyslexia-friendly ones such as OpenDyslexic, changing colors, text-to-speech, tint overlay, and much more. This is all great stuff, but the downside is ...Ryan will be working as a cyberinfrastructure consultant. His role on the team will be to work with researchers across MSU’s campus to determine their IT needs and …Dyslexie Font. Christian Boer created the Dyslexie font, which is a typeface designed specifically for dyslexic readers. It is unique because each letter has a unique shape and is weighted differently. The font is also spaced out, and the letters are slightly slanted, making it easier for dyslexic readers to read.Dyslexie is now an award-winning font that allegedly prevents letters from spinning around in front of your eyes. You can use it for free, but if you want to print in it, it costs around $100. Open Dyslexic: A free and open-source project since 2011, Open Dyslexic is a font created by Abelardo Gonzalez.Apr 12, 2024 · Dyslexia is a learning disorder that affects reading and language processing. It's estimated that 10-15% of the population has dyslexia, and it's more common in males than females. One thing that can make a big difference for people with dyslexia is the font they read in. Enter Comic Sans, the dyslexia-friendly font. Sans-Serif. Gill Dyslexic Font is a specialized typeface that has been specifically designed to improve readability for individuals with dyslexia. Created by Christian Boer, the same designer behind Dyslexie, this font aims to address the unique challenges faced by dyslexic readers. The reason for creating Gill Dyslexic Font is not clear, but ...Dyslexia is a form of neurodiversity in which individuals generally struggle with reading, writing, spelling, and text comprehension, as well as verbal expression. Having dyslexia is not an indication of low intelligence or laziness. It is a difference in the way the brain functions. READ MORE.1. OpenDyslexic: OpenDyslexic is a widely recognized font specifically designed for individuals with dyslexia. It features weighted bottoms, which helps to provide a visual anchor and prevent letters from flipping or rotating. The unique design of this font aims to decrease reading errors and improve readability. 2.No! Really hard to read. I just like a plane sans serif font. 1. dontcallmemonica. • 5 yr. ago. I seem to be the lone dissenter, but my 8 year old ranked the "easy font" as easier then "dyslexie" font when I showed her both side by side. She said "easy font" was easier to read than standard text, and "dyslexie" is about the same.A font is a formal set of text characters, including letters, numbers and punctuation, created by a graphic designer in a particular style. Not all fonts are created equal and some typefaces may be more or less accessible for readers with visual impairments, visual processing disorders and dyslexia.Yes, dyslexia-friendly fonts do work, but it’s important to keep the following guidelines in mind when choosing the right font for your website: It’s generally preferred to use sans serif fonts that are designed without serifs (i.e., extending features at the end of strokes) thus helping the letters appear less crowded (though we’ll also ... Some research has found that sans serif, monospaced, and roman fonts improve reading performance. 1. LightSail Personalized Reader uses X font, 2. Size. Larger font sizes are helpful for children with dyslexia because they make the letters clearer and improve reading speed. 2 The best dyslexia fonts are ones where you can adjust the size. Dyslexia-friendly fonts may have more prominent ascenders and descenders to improve letter recognition. Uniform Letter Height: Fonts that keep letters at a consistent height can reduce the tendency for letters to be rotated or flipped, which is a common issue for some people with dyslexia.Oct 27, 2020 · Dyslexia font #2: Baron. (Image Source) Baron is another sans serif font, ideal for a dyslexic person. Available in three weights, the monospaced letters increase readability for those with dyslexia. With slight decorative touches, this dyslexia font features diagonal lines that add flair to this font family. Correction policy. The best colors for dyslexia are often considered to be those with high contrast and distinct differences in hue. This can include bright colors such as red, blue, and green. However, it is essential to consider individual preferences and needs when selecting colors. Some people with dyslexia may prefer more muted colors …Dyslexia-friendly fonts may have more prominent ascenders and descenders to improve letter recognition. Uniform Letter Height: Fonts that keep letters at a consistent height can reduce the tendency for letters to be rotated or flipped, which is a common issue for some people with dyslexia. Arial: Arial is a simple, sans-serif font that can be a good choice for dyslexic readers because of its clarity and uniformity. Verdana: Verdana is another sans-serif font known for its clarity and readability on screens, which can benefit individuals with dyslexia. 2. 1. What Are Good Fonts for Dyslexia? Choosing a good font for dyslexia is crucial for enhancing readability. Dyslexia-friendly fonts are designed to reduce reading difficulties … Some research has found that sans serif, monospaced, and roman fonts improve reading performance. 1. LightSail Personalized Reader uses X font, 2. Size. Larger font sizes are helpful for children with dyslexia because they make the letters clearer and improve reading speed. 2 The best dyslexia fonts are ones where you can adjust the size. A debate on fonts for Dyslexia was not far-reaching until Luz Rello did research in 2013. He eye-tracked the reading speed of 48 dyslexic subjects in his research [ 2], which showed that Sans serif, monospaced, and Roman fonts are better choices than italic fonts like serif and proportional. Further, the British Dyslexia Association …Dyslexia-Friendly Design Features. Fonts for dyslexia go beyond aesthetics, prioritizing functionality to accommodate the unique needs of individuals with dyslexia. There are some most common guidelines, that ensure an optimal reading experience: Use Sans-Serif fonts. Opt for a font size between 12-14 points.If you have students that struggle with reading text due to Dyslexia, adding Dyslexic-friendly fonts to your classroom materials will help a great deal. In our training sessions on this topic, we stress that students, parents, and teachers need to remember that Dyslexia does not affect intelligence.Comic Sans. Don’t judge a font by its vibe! Comic Sans, with its playful look, might seem casual, but it’s a champ for readability, especially with its round shapes. Open Dyslexic. Now, this is a special one. Crafted for dyslexia, it’s a superhero for ADHD too, thanks to its weighted letters and roomy spacing.A 2013 Spanish study found that Helvetica, Courier, Arial and Verdana were the best fonts for dyslexics, the same fonts of choice for many efficient readers. Lightly colored paper, 12-14 point sans serif font, and bolding of text for highlighting are commonly believed to be best for dyslexics.Dyslexie font is widely recognized for its legibility and has gained popularity in both educational and professional domains. OpenDyslexic. Another font tailored for individuals with dyslexia is OpenDyslexic. This font is characterized by its weighted bottoms, which can help prevent letters from flipping or rotating in the reader's mind.Feb 15, 2024 · How font choice affects dyslexic readers. Dyslexic readers often face challenges like letter swapping and mirror-image confusion. The best fonts for dyslexia tackle these issues head-on. They have features that make each letter distinct, reducing the likelihood of mix-ups. Some research has found that sans serif, monospaced, and roman fonts improve reading performance. 1. LightSail Personalized Reader uses X font, 2. Size. Larger font sizes are helpful for children with dyslexia because they make the letters clearer and improve reading speed. 2 The best dyslexia fonts are ones where you can adjust the size.3. Fox Hunt. Story-based books with thick lines and easy sentences – it seems to be the proven recipe for making Dyslexia Fonts Books, and this book serves the purpose most aptly. Filled with illustrations and sight words with ample repetitions, it gives the brain ample workout to achieve reading fluency.BreezyHorror. OpenDyslexic font is AMAZING! I changed the font on my Kindle to OpenDyslexic a couple of weeks ago, and even though I’m not dyslexic I can read so much faster with it compared to the standard Bookerly font. I was a pretty fast reader anyway but sentences just seem to glide by now. For me I think it has something to do with the ...Comic Sans. Don’t judge a font by its vibe! Comic Sans, with its playful look, might seem casual, but it’s a champ for readability, especially with its round shapes. Open Dyslexic. Now, this is a special one. Crafted for dyslexia, it’s a superhero for ADHD too, thanks to its weighted letters and roomy spacing.Abstract. Nowadays, several books published in different fonts advertised as being particularly suitable for dyslexics are available on the market. Our research aimed to assess the significance of a specific reading font especially designed for dyslexia, called EasyReading™. The performances of good readers and dyslexics were compared. … The relationship between fonts and dyslexia has drawn the attention of many elds, such as psychology, arts, and acces-sibility. We divide related work in: (1) fonts recommended for people with dyslexia, (2) fonts designed for this target group, and (3) related user studies. 3.1 Recommendations Most of the recommendations come from associations for Both Dyslexie, and Open Dyslexic claim that they make reading ‘easier’ for people with dyslexia. The evidence that such fonts make reading easier is inconclusive, with limited research having been done on these types of weighted fonts in particular. Evidence does suggest however, that common fonts already in use for general readability ...Other fonts can be used for dyslexia such as the ten dyslexia friendly fonts. thinkascend toolbar (Chrome browser extension) - adds accessibility features to websites, including a dyslexie font; Best practice. Upload two documents for all course work with one created with the Dyslexie font in a pdf and an accessible Word/ tagged …As a result, it should help dyslexics read. “It speaks to people’s imaginations that a font — especially because it looks so fancy with special letter shapes,” would help people with dyslexia read, says Eva Marinus, a cognitive scientist at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. But only a very small percentage of dyslexics face ...In 2008, I graduated, setting the stage for Dyslexie Font's remarkable journey. By 2011, the typeface clinched the Smart Urban Award in Amsterdam after catching the attention of dyslexic visitors at an exposition. This led to a media frenzy in the Netherlands, with coverage spanning quiz games to international websites, reaching audiences from ... Arial: Arial is a simple, sans-serif font that can be a good choice for dyslexic readers because of its clarity and uniformity. Verdana: Verdana is another sans-serif font known for its clarity and readability on screens, which can benefit individuals with dyslexia. 2. As people with dyslexia have complicated relations with text, typography should be the highest priority for designers. Serif fonts, with their strokes, can cause letters to collide with each other and look entirely greek for users.. British Dyslexia Association recommends using sans serifs, such as Arial, Comic Sans, Verdana, Tahoma, Century Gothic, …Dyslexia Fonts. Non-evidence-based interventions for learning disabilities can be hard to pick out. They often appear in the media as undisputed methods for helping overcome dyslexia, dysgraphia, and other LDs. Dyslexic fonts, for example, have been advocated for in the absence of peer-reviewed research. These fonts were created around the idea ...Choosing a dyslexia-friendly font can make a world of difference, and can open up another branch of the intended audience. At the same time, editors and authors also don’t have to feel obligated to choose a special font made for people with dyslexia such as OpenDyslexic because fonts like Arial, Helvetica, and Courier were proven to …Let’s dive into the fonts that can help individuals with ADHD focus better: 1. Arial. Arial is a simple, sans-serif font known for its clarity and readability. Its clean lines make it easy on the eyes. 2. Calibri. Calibri is a modern sans-serif font that provides a smooth reading experience.Tiresias, OpenDyslexic, and Lexend aren’t just typefaces; they’re tools for inclusivity. Especially for those with dyslexia, where Dyslexia-friendly fonts like Comic Sans aren’t just a choice; they’re a necessity. Additional accessible fonts : And then there are the unsung heroes. Fonts like Lato, Montserrat, and Ubuntu.Ryan will be working as a cyberinfrastructure consultant. His role on the team will be to work with researchers across MSU’s campus to determine their IT needs and … The relationship between fonts and dyslexia has drawn the attention of many elds, such as psychology, arts, and acces-sibility. We divide related work in: (1) fonts recommended for people with dyslexia, (2) fonts designed for this target group, and (3) related user studies. 3.1 Recommendations Most of the recommendations come from associations for Choose Dyslexia-Friendly Fonts. The choice of font can significantly impact readability for individuals with dyslexia. Opt for fonts that are considered dyslexia-friendly, such as Arial, Calibri, or OpenDyslexic. These fonts are designed to reduce visual confusion and make it easier for people with dyslexia to distinguish between characters. Arial: Arial is a simple, sans-serif font that can be a good choice for dyslexic readers because of its clarity and uniformity. Verdana: Verdana is another sans-serif font known for its clarity and readability on screens, which can benefit individuals with dyslexia. 2. A dyslexia-friendly PowerPoint is a presentation designed to accommodate individuals with dyslexia, a learning disorder affecting reading, writing, and spelling skills. To create a dyslexia-friendly PowerPoint, individuals should use a clear and simple font like Arial or Calibri, increase font size, and ensure sufficient spacing between lines ...The first is Lexia Readable, originally created in 2004 by Keith Bates of K-Type. This font can be freely downloaded from either the K-Type web site or from the Dyslexia.com site. It is free for individual …Oct 27, 2020 · Dyslexia font #2: Baron. (Image Source) Baron is another sans serif font, ideal for a dyslexic person. Available in three weights, the monospaced letters increase readability for those with dyslexia. With slight decorative touches, this dyslexia font features diagonal lines that add flair to this font family. Use a larger font size (11pt or larger), sans serif fonts, and sufficient white space. Why fix it. People who have dyslexia describe seeing text “swim together” on a page (the compressing of one line of text into the line below). They often see text merge or distort. For people who have dyslexia or have low vision, reduce the reading load.Both Dyslexie, and Open Dyslexic claim that they make reading ‘easier’ for people with dyslexia. The evidence that such fonts make reading easier is inconclusive, with limited research having been done on these types of weighted fonts in particular. Evidence does suggest however, that common fonts already in use for general readability ...3. Fox Hunt. Story-based books with thick lines and easy sentences – it seems to be the proven recipe for making Dyslexia Fonts Books, and this book serves the purpose most aptly. Filled with illustrations and sight words with ample repetitions, it gives the brain ample workout to achieve reading fluency.One of the fonts that comes with your (well, my, don't know about the Touch) Kobo is OpenDyslexic, a font designed specifically to help folks with dyslexia. Reply. Clessiah. • 1 yr. ago. So far there isn't a concrete evidence showing a certain typeface being absolutely superior to all others for dyslexic readers. OpenDyslexic is a good start.A C Pen reader is most commonly used for students with dyslexia. It helps them to listen to rather than read written words so they can interpret them more clearly and effectively. However, it can be used for other purposes, too. Here are a few types of people who could use it: Elderly people with faltering eyesight.
Designers have created fonts to help with dyslexia, such as OpenDyslexic, which is designed with heavy weighted bottoms to help guide readers. It also has slightly different unique shapes for each similar-looking letter to help prevent the mind from displacing letters. Another popular font is Dyslexie.. Ny to seattle
03. Dyslexie font. 04. OpenDyslexic font. Dyslexie is similar to other dyslexic-friendly fonts like the open-source OpenDyslexic and Lexie Readable, which also claim to address the problems of mirroring, turning, swapping, and crowding. With these fonts, key differences in characters are emphasized to mitigate confusion.Let’s dive into the fonts that can help individuals with ADHD focus better: 1. Arial. Arial is a simple, sans-serif font known for its clarity and readability. Its clean lines make it easy on the eyes. 2. Calibri. Calibri is a modern sans-serif font that provides a smooth reading experience.Oct 21, 2013 · Using a within-subject design, 48 subjects with dyslexia read 12 texts with 12 different fonts. Sans serif, monospaced and roman font styles significantly improved the reading performance over serif, proportional and italic fonts. On the basis of our results, we present a set of more accessible fonts for people with dyslexia. As people with dyslexia have complicated relations with text, typography should be the highest priority for designers. Serif fonts, with their strokes, can cause letters to collide with each other and look entirely greek for users.. British Dyslexia Association recommends using sans serifs, such as Arial, Comic Sans, Verdana, Tahoma, Century Gothic, …Dyslexia-friendly fonts may have more prominent ascenders and descenders to improve letter recognition. Uniform Letter Height: Fonts that keep letters at a consistent height can reduce the tendency for letters to be rotated or flipped, which is a common issue for some people with dyslexia.1. Dyslexie Font. This font was specifically designed for people with dyslexia. Its unique letter shapes and design characteristics aim to minimize flipping and swapping of letters, …“Bionic reading” is a font people can use on their devices via apps for iPhone and other Apple products. ... and that it has helped their dyslexia. Brilliant! This is music to my distracted ...The Kindle e-reader dyslexia font is known as OpenDyslexic. This font has excellent font techniques like the bold, regular, and italics fonts. Many Kindle users have chosen to read their books with OpenDyslexic fonts because of how smooth and easier reading is with the font. Note: Dyslexia fonts are a combination of thick lines in the parts of ...Use sans serif fonts, such as Arial and Comic Sans, as letters can appear less crowded. Alternatives include Verdana, Tahoma, Century Gothic, Trebuchet, Calibri, Open Sans. …A 2013 Spanish study found that Helvetica, Courier, Arial and Verdana were the best fonts for dyslexics, the same fonts of choice for many efficient readers. Lightly colored paper, 12-14 point sans serif font, and bolding of text for highlighting are commonly believed to be best for dyslexics.Download Navidys dyslexia reading font and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad, iPod touch, or Mac OS X 10.15 or later. Navidys is a Safari extension designed to facilitate the reading on the web. For this, many settings are available, you can precisely adjust the font to your eyes. Navidys includes the specific font for dyslexia : Dyslexie, a ...Following the widespread media attention Dyslexie Font garnered after 2011, there was an increased interest in creating typefaces tailored for individuals with dyslexia. Some individuals attempted to replicate Dyslexie Font's design principles, albeit without a full understanding of their rationale. For instance, they applied similar design ....